tfm.optimization.ExponentialMovingAverage

Optimizer that computes an exponential moving average of the variables.

tfm.optimization.ExponentialMovingAverage(
    optimizer: tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer,
    trainable_weights_only: bool = True,
    average_decay: float = 0.99,
    start_step: int = 0,
    dynamic_decay: bool = True,
    name: str = 'ExponentialMovingAverage',
    **kwargs
)

Empirically it has been found that using the moving average of the trained parameters of a deep network is better than using its trained parameters directly. This optimizer allows you to compute this moving average and swap the variables at save time so that any code outside of the training loop will use by default the average values instead of the original ones.

Example of usage for training:

opt = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate)
opt = ExponentialMovingAverage(opt)

opt.shadow_copy(model)

At test time, swap the shadow variables to evaluate on the averaged weights:

opt.swap_weights()
# Test eval the model here
opt.swap_weights()

optimizer tf.keras.optimizers.Optimizer that will be used to compute and apply gradients.
trainable_weights_only 'bool', if True, only model trainable weights will be updated. Otherwise, all model weights will be updated. This mainly affects batch normalization parameters.
average_decay float. Decay to use to maintain the moving averages of trained variables.
start_step int. What step to start the moving average.
dynamic_decay bool. Whether to change the decay based on the number of optimizer updates. Decay will start at 0.1 and gradually increase up to average_decay after each optimizer update. This behavior is similar to tf.train.ExponentialMovingAverage in TF 1.x.
name Optional name for the operations created when applying gradients. Defaults to "moving_average".
**kwargs keyword arguments. Allowed to be {clipnorm, clipvalue, lr, decay}.

clipnorm float or None. If set, clips gradients to a maximum norm.
clipvalue float or None. If set, clips gradients to a maximum value.
global_clipnorm float or None.

If set, clips gradients to a maximum norm.

Check tf.clip_by_global_norm for more details.

has_shadow_copy Whether this optimizer has created shadow variables.
iterations Variable. The number of training steps this Optimizer has run.
learning_rate

lr

weights Returns variables of this Optimizer based on the order created.

Methods

add_slot

add_slot(
    var, slot_name, initializer='zeros', shape=None
)

Add a new slot variable for var.

A slot variable is an additional variable associated with var to train. It is allocated and managed by optimizers, e.g. Adam.

Args
var a Variable object.
slot_name name of the slot variable.
initializer initializer of the slot variable
shape (Optional) shape of the slot variable. If not set, it will default to the shape of var.

Returns
A slot variable.

add_weight

add_weight(
    name,
    shape,
    dtype=None,
    initializer='zeros',
    trainable=None,
    synchronization=tf.VariableSynchronization.AUTO,
    aggregation=tf.VariableAggregation.NONE
)

apply_gradients

View source

apply_gradients(
    grads_and_vars, name: Optional[str] = None
)

Apply gradients to variables.

This is the second part of minimize(). It returns an Operation that applies gradients.

The method sums gradients from all replicas in the presence of tf.distribute.Strategy by default. You can aggregate gradients yourself by passing experimental_aggregate_gradients=False.

Example:

grads = tape.gradient(loss, vars)
grads = tf.distribute.get_replica_context().all_reduce('sum', grads)
# Processing aggregated gradients.
optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, vars),
    experimental_aggregate_gradients=False)

Args
grads_and_vars List of (gradient, variable) pairs.
name Optional name for the returned operation. When None, uses the name passed to the Optimizer constructor. Defaults to None.
experimental_aggregate_gradients Whether to sum gradients from different replicas in the presence of tf.distribute.Strategy. If False, it's user responsibility to aggregate the gradients. Default to True.

Returns
An Operation that applies the specified gradients. The iterations will be automatically increased by 1.

Raises
TypeError If grads_and_vars is malformed.
ValueError If none of the variables have gradients.
RuntimeError If called in a cross-replica context.

assign_average_vars

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assign_average_vars(
    var_list: List[tf.Variable]
)

Assign variables in var_list with their respective averages.

Args
var_list List of model variables to be assigned to their average.

Returns
assign_op The op corresponding to the assignment operation of variables to their average.

from_config

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@classmethod
from_config(
    config, custom_objects=None
)

Creates an optimizer from its config.

This method is the reverse of get_config, capable of instantiating the same optimizer from the config dictionary.

Args
config A Python dictionary, typically the output of get_config.
custom_objects A Python dictionary mapping names to additional Python objects used to create this optimizer, such as a function used for a hyperparameter.

Returns
An optimizer instance.

get_config

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get_config()

Returns the config of the optimizer.

An optimizer config is a Python dictionary (serializable) containing the configuration of an optimizer. The same optimizer can be reinstantiated later (without any saved state) from this configuration.

Returns
Python dictionary.

get_gradients

get_gradients(
    loss, params
)

Returns gradients of loss with respect to params.

Should be used only in legacy v1 graph mode.

Args
loss Loss tensor.
params List of variables.

Returns
List of gradient tensors.

Raises
ValueError In case any gradient cannot be computed (e.g. if gradient function not implemented).

get_slot

get_slot(
    var, slot_name
)

get_slot_names

get_slot_names()

A list of names for this optimizer's slots.

get_updates

get_updates(
    loss, params
)

get_weights

get_weights()

Returns the current weights of the optimizer.

The weights of an optimizer are its state (ie, variables). This function returns the weight values associated with this optimizer as a list of Numpy arrays. The first value is always the iterations count of the optimizer, followed by the optimizer's state variables in the order they were created. The returned list can in turn be used to load state into similarly parameterized optimizers.

For example, the RMSprop optimizer for this simple model returns a list of three values-- the iteration count, followed by the root-mean-square value of the kernel and bias of the single Dense layer:

opt = tf.keras.optimizers.legacy.RMSprop()
m = tf.keras.models.Sequential([tf.keras.layers.Dense(10)])
m.compile(opt, loss='mse')
data = np.arange(100).reshape(5, 20)
labels = np.zeros(5)
results = m.fit(data, labels)  # Training.
len(opt.get_weights())
3

Returns
Weights values as a list of numpy arrays.

minimize

minimize(
    loss, var_list, grad_loss=None, name=None, tape=None
)

Minimize loss by updating var_list.

This method simply computes gradient using tf.GradientTape and calls apply_gradients(). If you want to process the gradient before applying then call tf.GradientTape and apply_gradients() explicitly instead of using this function.

Args
loss Tensor or callable. If a callable, loss should take no arguments and return the value to minimize. If a Tensor, the tape argument must be passed.
var_list list or tuple of Variable objects to update to minimize loss, or a callable returning the list or tuple of Variable objects. Use callable when the variable list would otherwise be incomplete before minimize since the variables are created at the first time loss is called.
grad_loss (Optional). A Tensor holding the gradient computed for loss.
name (Optional) str. Name for the returned operation.
tape (Optional) tf.GradientTape. If loss is provided as a Tensor, the tape that computed the loss must be provided.

Returns
An Operation that updates the variables in var_list. The iterations will be automatically increased by 1.

Raises
ValueError If some of the variables are not Variable objects.

set_weights

set_weights(
    weights
)

Set the weights of the optimizer.

The weights of an optimizer are its state (ie, variables). This function takes the weight values associated with this optimizer as a list of Numpy arrays. The first value is always the iterations count of the optimizer, followed by the optimizer's state variables in the order they are created. The passed values are used to set the new state of the optimizer.

For example, the RMSprop optimizer for this simple model takes a list of three values-- the iteration count, followed by the root-mean-square value of the kernel and bias of the single Dense layer:

opt = tf.keras.optimizers.legacy.RMSprop()
m = tf.keras.models.Sequential([tf.keras.layers.Dense(10)])
m.compile(opt, loss='mse')
data = np.arange(100).reshape(5, 20)
labels = np.zeros(5)
results = m.fit(data, labels)  # Training.
new_weights = [np.array(10), np.ones([20, 10]), np.zeros([10])]
opt.set_weights(new_weights)
opt.iterations
<tf.Variable 'RMSprop/iter:0' shape=() dtype=int64, numpy=10>

Args
weights weight values as a list of numpy arrays.

shadow_copy

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shadow_copy(
    model: tf.keras.Model
)

Creates shadow variables for the given model weights.

swap_weights

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swap_weights()

Swap the average and moving weights.

This is a convenience method to allow one to evaluate the averaged weights at test time. Loads the weights stored in self._average into the model, keeping a copy of the original model weights. Swapping twice will return the original weights.

update_average

View source

@tf.function
update_average(
    strategy
)

variables

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variables()

Returns variables of this Optimizer based on the order created.